Bulgaria in Antiquity. An Archaeological Introduction
Ralph Hoddinott
List of Plates
1. The Danube near Ratiaria 25
2. The Stara Planina from the Shipka pass 25
3. The Struma gorge south of Blagoevgrad 27
4. Thracian inscription, Ezerovo gold ring, Sofia Archaeological Museum 29
5. Silver plaque, Letnitsa treasure, Lovech Museum 29
6. Tumulus near Kazanluk 30
7. Thracian Horseman relief, Beroe - Augusta Trajana, Stara Zagora Museum 31
8. Apollonia, limestone stele, seated goddess, Bourgas Museum 35
9. Apollonia, marble statuette, Bourgas Museum 35
10. Apollonia, marble stele of Anaxander, Sofia Archaeological Museum 35
11. Apollonia, black-figure oinochoe, Sofia Archaeological Museum 37
12. Apollonia, red-figure lekythos, Sofia Archaeological Museum 37
13. Apollonia, marble fragment of (?) warrior’s stele, Sofia Archaeological Museum 42
14. Mesambria, sector of pre-Hellenistic wall 42
15. Mesambria, fragment of terracotta cyma, Nesebur Museum 42
16. Mesambria, marble stele of Kallikrita, Sofia Archaeological Museum 44
17. Mesambria, marble fieacher’s’ stele, Bourgas Museum 44
18. Mesambria, bronze hydria, Sofia Archaeological Museum 44
19. Mesambria, detail of bronze hydria, Nesebur Museum 44
20. Mesambria, gold earring with Pegasus and amphora, Bourgas Museum 47
21. Mesambria, gold spiral finger-ring, Bourgas Museum 47
22. Odessos, marble head of (?) Apollo, Varna Archaeological Museum 52
23. Odessos, red-figure bell-krater, Varna Archaeological Museum 52
24. Odessos, terracotta sarcophagus appliqué, Varna Archaeological Museum 53
25. Dionysopolis, bronze krater, Varna Archaeological Museum 53
26. Odessos, terracotta figurine, Varna Archaeological Museum 54
27. Dobroudja, terracotta figurine, Varna Archaeological Museum 54
28. Dolno Sahrane, clay amphora-urn, Kazanluk Museum 59
29. Dolno Sahrane, clay cup, Kazanluk Museum 59
30. Douvanli, Moushovitsa, gold pectoral, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 59
31. Douvanli, Moushovitsa, black-figure neck-amphora, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 59
32. Douvanli, Koukova, gold bracelet, Sofia Archaeological Museum. 60
33. Douvanli, Koukova, silver-gilt amphora, Sofia Archaeological Museum 62
34. Douvanli, Golyama, silver-gilt kantharos, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 62
35. Douvanli, Golyama, silver-gilt appliqué, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 63
9
10
36. Douvanli, Golyama, silver-gilt appliqué, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 63
37. Douvanli, Bashova, silver-gilt phiale mesomphalos, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 65
38. Douvanli, Bashova, silver-gilt kylix, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 65
39. Douvanli, Bashova, red-figure hydria, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 66
40. Mezek, Mal-tepe, the dromos 68
41. Mezek, Mal-tepe, detail of tholos 69
42. Mezek, bronze statuette from a candelabrum, Sofia Archaeological Museum 72
43. Mezek, iron lunular collar, detail, Sofia Archaeological Museum 72
44. Vratsa, grave II, silver bridle appliqué, Vratsa Museum 75
45. Vratsa, grave II, gold laurel wreath, Vratsa Museum 77
46. Vratsa, grave II, silver bridle frontal, Vratsa Museum 77
47. Vratsa, grave II, silver bridle appliqué, Vratsa Museum 77
48. Vratsa, grave II, silver greave, detail, Vratsa Museum 78
49. Vratsa, grave II, silver vessels, Vratsa Museum 78
50. Vratsa, grave II, detail of silver phiale, central medallion, Vratsa Museum 78
51. Vratsa, grave II, gold ‘disc and boat‘ earring, Vratsa Museum 78
52. Philippopolis, grey Thracian kantharos, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 82
53. Philippopolis, Hellenistic curtain wall on Nebet-tepe 84
54. Philippopolis, Hellenistic curtain wall and bastion on Nebet-tepe 84
55. Philippopolis, Hellenistic stepped approach to north postern, Nebet-tepe 84
56. Panagyurishte treasure, gold stag-head rhyton, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 86
57. Panagyurishte treasure, gold ram’s-head rhyton, detail, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 86
58. Panagyurishte treasure, gold horn-rhyton, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 87
59. Panagyurishte treasure, gold phiale mesomphalos, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 89
60. Panagyurishte treasure, gold amphora-rhyton, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 89
61. Panagyurishte treasure, gold amphora-rhyton, detail of base 89
62. Bronze coin of Seuthes (hi), Sofia Archaeological Museum 94
63. Kazanluk tomb, detail from painting of groom with horses 101
64. Kazanluk tomb, painting of enthroned woman 101
65. Kazanluk tomb, detail of painted dome 102
66. Silver phalera from a burial near Beroe, Stara Zagora Museum 105
67. Kabyle, general view of site (beyond tumulus) in 1969 105
68. Ratiaria, funerary stele 112
69. Ratiaria, sarcophagus detail, Mercury, Vidin Museum 112
70. Ratiaria, marble statuette, Hercules, Vidin Museum 113
71. Bononia, lifesize bronze head of a young man, Vidin Museum 114
72. Castra Martis, ruins of fort at Kula 114-15
11
73. Oescus, Temple of Fortuna, architraves 118
74. Oescus, Temple of Fortuna, architrave detail 118
75. Oescus, Temple of Fortuna, architrave detail 119
76. Oescus, Temple of Fortuna, detail of coffered ceiling 119
77. Brest, near Oescus, sandstone head of Diocletian, Sofia Archaeological Museum 120
78. Oescus, carved head in roundel, Gigen Museum 121
79. Oescus, mosaic floor detail, scene from a play by Menander 122
80. Oescus, mosaic floor detail, an actor’s mask 123
81. Oescus, extra-mural complex 125
82. Ad Putea, marble statuette, ‘peaceful satyr’, Sofia Archaeological Museum 127
83. Novae, west gate, detail (top of vaulted passage at bottom left) 131
84. Novae, inner wall of south-east angle tower, showing two building phases 131
85. Iatrus, excavation of a colonnaded street 137
86. Iatrus, pier of building annexed to western sector of curtain wall 137
87. Iatrus, detail of pier 137
88. Durostorum, bronze helmet-mask, Silistra Museum 138
89. Marble head of Athena, statue fragment from Silistra district, Varna Archaeological Museum 138
90. Mithraic relief from Silistra district, Silistra Museum 138
91. Durostorum tomb painting, husband and wife 140
92. Durostorum tomb painting, a maidservant 141
93. Durostorum tomb painting, a manservant 141
94. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, aerial view 144
95. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, decumanus maximus 147
96. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, building inscription, detail 147
97. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, architectural detail, a lizard 147
98. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, headless marble statue, Eros, Sofia Archaeological Museum 148
99. Bronze head of Gordian III, statue fragment found near Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, Sofia Archaeological Museum 148
100. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, pediment of unfinished building 150
101. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, public building 150
102. Butovo pottery, decorated platter-handle, Veliko Turnovo Museum 151
103. Marcianopolis, aerial view of amphitheatre 155
104. Abritus, altar with identifying inscription, Razgrad Museum 156
105. Abritus, north gate 159
106. Abritus, town house 160
107. Gorotsvet, villa rustica 161
108. Abritus, bronze plaque, Herakles, Razgrad Museum 162
109. Abritus, bronze plaque, Cybele, Razgrad Museum 163
110. Voivoda, north-west angle tower 165
111. Madara, villa rustica, view from cliff top 166
112. Serdica, ‘St George’ rotunda 172
113. Serdica, bronze head of Apollo, Sofia Archaeological Museum 176
114. Serdica, marble relief, circus scenes, Sofia Archaeological Museum 177
12
115. Pautalia, coin of Caracalla, temples on the Hissarluk, Sofia Archaeological Museum 178
116. Pautalia, vaulted hypocaust system in baths linked with Asklepieion 180
117. Sandanski area, stone relief portrait fragment, Sofia Archaeological Museum 184
118. Philippopolis, silver and iron head-mask, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 188
119. Haskovo district, marble head of Yalens, Haskovo Museum 191
120. Philippopolis, coin of Caracalla, temple of Apollo on Djendem-tepe, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 192
121. Philippopolis, section of marble frieze, health deities: 1. to r.: Iaso, Panacea, Telesphoros, Asklepios, Hygieia, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 193
122. Philippopolis, marble stele, funerary feast and horsemen, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 194
123. Peroushtitsa, marble head, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 196
124. Kurtovo Konare, marble Mithraic relief, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 196
125. Burdapa, stone plaque, Three Nymphs, Sofia Archaeological Museum 197
126. Batkoun, marble statuette fragment, (?) Asklepios, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 197
127. Starazagorski Mineralni Bani, Roman baths 202
128. Augusta Trajana, marble portrait head, Kazanluk Museum 204
129. Augusta Trajana, marble portrait head, Stara Zagora Museum 204
130. Augusta Trajana area, marble portrait head, Kazanluk Museum 204
131. Augusta Trajana, bronze statuette, Apollo, Sofia Archaeological Museum 204
132. Augusta Trajana, marble relief, Thracian Horseman, Stara Zagora Museum 205
133. Arzus, marble head, Pan, Stara Zagora Museum 206
134. Trite Mogili, bronze statuette of Zeus enthroned, detail, Stara Zagora Museum 206
135. Trite Mogili, chariot reconstruction, Stara Zagora Museum 207
136. Mogilovo, silver chariot appliqué, Amazon, Stara Zagora Museum 208
137. Chatalka, villa rustica, western courtyard of pars urbana 209
138. Chatalka, villa rustica, eastern courtyard of pars urbana 210
139. Chatalka, burial find, bronze helmet-mask, Stara Zagora Museum 213
140. Sveti Duh fort, looking towards Mount Aida 214
141. Armira, villa rustica, floor mosaic detail, Artemis surprised bathing 218
142. Armira, villa rustica, floor mosaic detail, male portrait 218
143. Anchialos, tomb chamber, detail of ring-vault 223
144. Odessos, carved sarcophagus fragment, Varna Archaeological Museum 224
145. Odessos, marble portrait head, Varna Archaeological Museum 225
146. Odessos, general view of Roman baths 227
147. Odessos baths, doorways of tepidarium 227
148. Odessos baths, section of hypocaust system 228
149. Odessos, marble stele, funerary feast, Varna Archaeological Museum 230
150. Odessos, bronze balsamarium, Varna Archaeological Museum 232
13
151. Cherven, general view 240
152. Novae, south-west angle tower, two building phases 244
153. Novae, Romano-Byzantine building 245
154. Iatrus, foundations of superimposed churches, from south-east 246
155. Durostorum, Early Byzantine and medieval fortifications near Danube 247
156. Veliko Turnovo, re-used Early Byzantine capital 252
157. Veliko Turnovo, re-used Early Byzantine capital 252
158. Veliko Turnovo, re-used Early Byzantine capital 253
159. Veliko Turnovo, re-used limestone stelai from Nicopolis-ad-Istrum 254
160. Storgosia, ruins of basilical church, viewed from narthex 256
161. Storgosia, church atrium with (?) pool 257
162. Madara, fortress gateway 261
163. Tsar Krum, wall painting fragment, Shoumen Museum 266
164. Tsar Krum, wall painting fragment, Shoumen Museum 266
165. Serdica, east gate preserved in new pedestrian underpass 270
166. Serdica, church of Holy Wisdom today 272
167. Serdica, tomb painting fragment, Uriel 272
168. Serdica, Holy Wisdom, mosaic floor of Church I, Sofia Archaeological Museum 272
169. Pirdop, Elenska church, view from north, looking towards the Sredna Gora 280
170. Pirdop, Elenska church, general view from west 281
171. Pirdop, Elenska church, east end 283
172. Pautalia, Hissarluk, southern sector of east wall 284
173. Pautalia, Hissarluk, south-east round angle tower 284
174. Pautalia, Hissarluk, eastern triangular tower 285
175. Sandanski, mosaic floor inscription 289
176. Philippopolis, Nebet-tepe curtain wall 292
177. Philippopolis, vaulted lower floor of baths 292
178. Peroushtitsa, ‘Red Church’, general view against Rhodope foothills 293
179. Peroushtitsa, ‘Red Church’, north aspect 294
180. Peroushtitsa, ‘Red Church’, detail of brick vaulting 294
181. Peroushtitsa, ‘Red Church’, wall painting fragment (? shows original church) 296
182. Peroushtitsa, ‘Red Church’, wall painting fragment, Moses unfastening sandal 296
183. Hissar, inner face of south wall 301
184. Hissar, main (south) gate 302
185. Hissar, west gate 303
186. Hissar, remains of double north wall and gateway 304
187. Beroe, marble impost capital, Stara Zagora Museum 315
188. Mesambria, Early Byzantine fortifications 319
189. Mesambria, ‘Sea Basilica’ 320
190. Mesambria, ‘Old Metropolis’ 321
191. Galata, clay font, Varna Archaeological Museum 326
192. Odessos, ruins of Djanavar-tepe church 327
14
193. Odessos, Djanavar-tepe jewelled gold reliquary, Varna Archaeological Museum 328
194. Odessos, gold bracelet with vine decoration, Varna Archaeological Museum 330
195. Odessos, detail of gold diadem, Varna Archaeological Museum 330
196. Odessos, jewelled gold cross pendant, Varna Archaeological Museum 331
197. Odessos, detail of jewelled gold necklace, Varna Archaeological Museum 331
198. Odessos, marble candlestick, male head, Varna Archaeological Museum 332
199. Kaliakra, fortress gate, first phase 333
200. Naulochos, Early Byzantine capital 334
201. Naulochos, Early Byzantine capital 334
202. Naulochos, sandstone portrait head, Sofia Archaeological Museum 335