Index
“Adana lists,” 109
Aegean Macedonia, 122, 125-30
Aegean Thrace, 99, 122n, 128, 200. See also Belomorie
Africa, North, 108, 115, 232
Agence Anatolia, 72
Agrarian Party, 3-5, 153n, 154, 172; Pladne faction, 4, 39, 47, 160f, 194n, 218; Vrabcha faction, 4, 160, 195, 206, 217b; and Fatherland Front, 160f, 163, 163n-64n, 194n; and Bagryanov government, 175-76, 195; and Muraviev government, 205f
air force, Bulgarian, 165-66
Albania, 42n, 82f, 129, 141, 158; Communist partisans in, 133
Aleppo, Syria, 109
Alexander, King (of Yugoslavia), 8
Alexander II (of Russia), 2, 28n
Ali, Rashid, 67
Allies, Western: and Boris, 1, 136-37, 148; and outbreak of war, 13-14, 17-18, 21-22; bombing of Bulgaria by, 52-53, 106,109, 165-69, 173, 214, 232-33; threats of invasion by, 87-89, 115-17, 135-37; Peace negotiations with, 110-15, 169-73, 186f, 189-90; and Aegean campaign, 155-59; and Bagryanov government, 178-82, 186-90, 193, 251; and Muraviev government, 208; Yalta conference, 219. See also Great Britain; France; United States
“All Measures” law, 97, 101
American College, Sofia, 180
Amery, Julian, 42
Andreev, Dimiter, 93, 97
Ankara, 186f, 189, 251
Anti-Comintern Exhibition, 86
Anti-Comintern Pact (1938), 32
anti-Semitism, 22, 93-99. See also Jews
Antonescu, Ion, 116-17, 188, 227
Arabs, 67, 104
Arditti, Benjamin, 102
Arendt, Hannah, 105, 241
Armenia, 78
armistice, 169-73, 186f, 189-90
army, Bulgarian, 72-73, 170-71, 21718; conspiracy in, 79; “political purity of,” 120; and partisan movement, 132, 203; and Bagryanov government, 179, 184f; uprisings of, 212-13; mentioned, 3, 7, 83, 88, 109
Atanasov, Nedelko, 206
Athens, 52
Austria, 6, 24n
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 2, 24n
Axis, 3, 30-39 passim; Bulgaria joins, 45-51, 54-55; and Stalingrad, 108; and North Africa, 115; and death of Boris, 135, 147; Bulgarian withdrawal from, 170-71, 173, 181, 185ff, 191; Rumania’s defection from, 188-92. See also by name of country
280
Azerbaijan, 66
Badoglio, Pietro, 116, 147, 158
Bagryanov, Ivan, 136,154-55, 172, 229, 250f; his government, 103n, 175-94, 204; and anti-Jewish legislation, 182, 190, 213n; and partisan movement, 195, 200, 202; resignation of, 204, 208f; execution of, 217
Balabanov, Ivan, 50
Balabanov, Nikola, 170-71,173, 181, 208
Balan, A., 202n
Balan, Stanislav, 98, 143
Balchik, 30
Balilla, 82
Balkan Entente, 8-9,14, 24,43, 53f
Balkans, 89, 116, 185, 191; and outbreak of war, 13-14,16; and Dobruja crisis, 27; competition for, 32-44; Allied policy toward, 156, 169-70, 173; and Aegean campaign, 156-59; and partisan movements, 202-3. See also by name of country
Balkan Wars, 2, 25, 122
Baltic states, 37, 227
Barbarossa, Operation, 59-66 passim, 160
Barker, Elizabeth, 134
Baruh, Yako, 101
Baur, Hans, 142-43, 246
BBC, 139
Beckerle, Heinz-Adolf, 64, 80, 84, 89, 113; and youth organizations, 74, 82; and Jews, 98-105 passim; and death of Boris, 136, 139, 144ff; and the Regency, 154f ; and Bagryanov government, 177, 191; mentioned, 107, 117
Bela Kun campaign of 1919, 28n
Belev, Alexander, 98-102, 239
Belgium, 22, 235; government-in-exile, 48
Belgrade, 47, 52
Belomorie, 99, 122n, 128f, 200
Belomorska Trakiya, 122n. See also Belomorie
Berker, Ali, 43
Berlin, Congress of (1878), 2, 191n
Berliner Tageblatt, 140
Bessarabia, 15, 24, 25, 27f, 226
bezpartien rezhim, 91
Biryuzov, Sergi, 209, 218
Bismarck, Otto von, 2
BKP, 6, 62-63, 145, 166n, 218-20; as Bulgarian Workers’ Party, 4, 16n; and Soviet Union, 4, 15, 20, 30, 47, 62; coup of 1944, 5, 17n, 19, 212-17; after Nazi-Soviet Pact, 16-19; Rabotnichesko delo of, 16-18; and competition for Balkans, 34-35, 39-41; Central Committee of, 40; and Operation Marita, 53; and Barbarossa, 59-60; Central Military Commission of, 63, 195f; RMS, 63n, 199; and Zaimov, 79; and Jews, 102; and Lukov’s assassination, 117-21; and Macedonia, 123,130-34; on Boris, 135; and Fatherland Front, 159-63, 194n, 216, 250; and Allied bombing, 167-68; and Bagryanov government, 176-77, 184, 192-93, 250; partisan activity of, 195-203; and Muraviev government, 206f, 210-13
Black, Floyd, 180
Bogdanov, Peter, 131
bombings, Allied, see under Allies, Western
Bonn government, 105
Boris III, Tsar, 1-9 passim, 64, 71-92 passim, 107-20 passim, 230, 236; and Hitler, 1, 73, 75-77, 85, 90, 110, 116, 130, 137-46 passim; and outbreak of war, 13-21 passim; and Dobruja crisis, 27-28, 30; on neutrality, 32-33; and competition for Balkans, 35-43 passim, 48f, 228-29; and Operation Marita, 53, 55; and Barbarossa, 60f; and Pearl Harbor, 68ff; and Jews, 96-106 passim, 240; death of, 106, 135-48, 15g, 162, 246; and Macedonia, 126, 130; and Kiril, 153-54; and Fatherland Front, 161; and Allied bombings, 166, 169, 173; and partisans, 197, 201
281
Boshkov, Lyuben, 190
Bozhilov, Dobri, 155, 158-59, 167f, 173f; and Kioseivanov, 176n; and Bagryanov government, 184; executed, 217; mentioned, 165, 177, 180
Bozhinov, Voin, 203n
Bozhurishte airfield, 19
Brannik, 38, 68-69, 82
Bretholz, Wolfgang, 140, 250-51
BRP, 4, 16n. See also BKP
Bucharest, 188f, 194
Bucharest, Treaty of, 24n, 25
Budapest, 28n
Bukovina, 24, 28
Bulgaranov, Boyan, 131, 133
Bulgaria: pre-World War II, 1-9, 25, 55, 60n, 81n, 119, 122, 125, 135, 177-78, 185; irredentism of, 1, 8f, 13, 15, 32, 60, 113; politics in, 3-6, 16-19, 34-41 passim, 151-53, 159-64, 174-76, 192-95, 204-18 passim ; economy of, 7, 19, 174, 179; neutrality of, 17, 21-23, 32-33, 38f, 186-94 passim, 204, 208; joins Axis, 45-51, 54-55; war declared with Great Britain, 68f, 71, 165; war declared with U.S., 68-71, 81, 165; religion, 77, 96, 125, 127; language, 77, 124f; USSR declared war on, 210; declared war on Germany, 215
Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 96, 125
Bulgarian-Turkish friendship treaty (1925), 44
Bulgarian-Turkish Pact (1941), 44, 49) 66
Bulgarian Workers’ Party (BRP), 4, 16n. See also BKP
Bulgarian-Yugoslav friendship pact (1937), 8, 14, 132
Bulgars, 77
Burgas, 87, 179, 1940, 199, 204, 215
Burov, Atanas, 39, 153n, 161, 206
Byala Palanka, 209
Cairo, 162, 190, 204, 208
Calinescu, Armand, 17
Carol, King (of Rumania), 29
Casablanca conference, 111
Castelrosso, 157
Caucasus, 87
Chapuisat, Dr., 105
Chesmedzhiev, Grigor, 160f, 194, 218
Chiang Kai-shek, 42n
Chicago Daily Mail, 47
Choristi, 127
chrome, 27, 77, 183
Churchill, Winston, 14, 31n, 43; and Chiang Kai-shek, 42n; on Yugoslavia, 50-51; and “Adana lists,” 109; at Casablanca, in; and Aegean campaign, 156-57; and Bagryanov government, 183-84
Ciano, Galeazzo, 27, 50, 220f
Clodius, German emissary for economic affairs, 129
Comintern, 86, 131
Commissariat for Jewish Affairs, 98f, 102
Communist Party in Albania, 133
Communist Party in Bulgaria, see BKP
Communist Party in Greece, 133, 244
Communist Party in Macedonia, 123, 130-31, 133
Communist Party in USSR, 4, 16, 86, 131. See also USSR
Communist Party in Yugoslavia, 123, 130-34
concentration camps, 70, 103f, 145; in Bulgaria, 63, 106, 176, 193, 196f
Constantinople, 60n
Constitution of Bulgaria, 45, 91, 94, 151-52, 205
Cos, 157
Council of Ministers, 97f, 101
coups: of 1923, 5, 161, 216n; of 1934, 5, 79, 117-18, 161, 216n; of 1944, 5, 17n, 19, 212-17
282
Craiova agreement, 29-32
Crimean War, 24n
Croatia, 8, 54, 126. See also Yugoslavia
Csaky, Hungarian foreign minister, 25
Dannecker, Theodore, 100-101, 104
Danube international commission, 32
Daskalov, Teodor, 49-50, 72-73, 79
Davidescu, Rumanian Ambassador in Moscow, 24
Davies, Mostyn, 200
Davis, Norman, 47
death camps, see concentration camps
Dedeagach, 84, 104, 212
democratic parties, 3-6, 18, 204ff, 218; on neutrality, 38f, 225; attitude toward Boris, 147; and Regency, 151ff; and Fatherland Front, 159-64 passim ; and Bagryanov government, 174, 176, 184, 193-94. See also individual parties by name
Democratic Party, 4f, 19n, 153n, 161, 207
Dikov, Diko, 203n
Dimitrov, Georgi, 176-77, 219-20
Dimitrov, Georgi M. (“Gemeto”), 4, 47, 218
Dimitrov, Ilcho, 255
Dimov, Vergil, 153n, 206-7
Dobruja, 23-31, 69, 227; Southern, 1, 3, 25, 28-30, 114, 124, 174, 180, 218; Northern, 25, 30
Dochev, Ivan, 217
Doctors’ Union, 96
Dodecanese Islands, 156
Doenitz, Admiral, 115
Doiran, Lake, 88
Donovan, William J., 42-43, 230
Doxato, 127
Draganov, Purvan, 15, 25, 28n, 33, 204; and Operation Barbarossa, 61, 113; and Bagryanov government, 175, 179, 174-87, 189
Drama (Greece), 127-28
Dramaliev, Kiril, 160f, 163n
Dulles, Allen, 111, 113
Dumanov, Peter, 30
EAM/ELAS guerrillas, 244
Earle, U.S. Minister to Bulgaria, 68, 104, 109, 112, 227; on German troops in Bulgaria, 43, 231; and Operation Marita, 52, 54-55; and Barbarossa, 59, 63
Eden, Anthony, 172
Edirne (Adrianople), 2, 67, 78
Eichmann, Adolf, 100
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 166
elections: of 1938, 6; of 1939-40, 1921; of 1945, 219f
England, 7, 22. See also Great Britain
Evdokiya (sister of Tsar Boris), 71, 137, 153
Exarch Stefan, 96, 98, 104
Fabricius, Wilhelm, 29
fascism in Bulgaria, 4, 17f, 20, 21n, 73-74, 92f, 118. See also nationalist parties; Tsankov, Alexander
fascism in Germany, see Nazis
Fascist Party in Italy, 6, 18, 116
Fatherland Front (Otechestven Front), 153n, 159-64, 172, 217ff; Directorate of, 161; and Bagryanov government, 174, 176-77, 192-94, 250; National Committee of, 194n, 215; and Muraviev government, 205-7, 212, 214f, 216
Ferdinand, Tsar, 2-3, 16, 71, 85, 153
Filov, Bogdan, 7, 64,79-92 passim, 113-19 passim; and outbreak of war, 21f; and competition for Balkans, 34-35, 37ff, 42; as head of Pen Club, 38, 94; and Tripartite Pact, 45-46, 48, 50; and Operation Marita, 54; and Barbarossa, 59, 61; and Pearl Harbor, 68; on Bulgarian army, 72; and Lukov, 73; and Jews, 100, 102-3; on Stalingrad, 107f; and Macedonia, 124; and death of Boris, 136, 138-41, 148, 246; Regency and, 151-54; and Aegean campaign, 157-58, 248; and Allied bombings, 167-69; peace negotiations and, 171-73; and Bagryanov government, 175, 177, 179f, 180,185, 193f; and partisans, 199, 201; and Muraviev, 210, 215; execution of, 217
283
Finland, 171; “Winter War,” 16
Fosteridhis, Andonios (“Andon Tsaous”), 244
France, 3, 6, 8, 29, 184; trade with, 7; and outbreak of war, 13, 18, 22-23; and Tripartite Pact, 33; Vichy government of, 67, 99
Gabrovsky, Peter, 21, 73, 79, 86, 136; and Jews, 97f, 101-2; and Regency, 154f; execution of, 217
Gafencu, Grigore, 29
Genov, Georgi, 248
George VI (of Great Britain), 13, 41
Georgiev, Kimon, 5, 20, 117, 219; and the Regency, 152, 153n; and Fatherland Front, 16of, 194n, 216; and armistice, 172
Germany, 1f, 6-7, 9, 80, 107-17 passim, 235, 237, 248; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 9, 16-18, 24n, 160; and outbreak of war, 14-18, 21-22; and Dobruja crisis, 25-32 passim; competition for Balkans, 32, 36-44, 229; and Tripartite Pact, 32, 46, 48, 50, 228; troops in Bulgaria, 36-37, 46, 88, 229; Operation Marita and, 52-55; and Barbarossa, 59-62; and Soviet-Bulgarian relations, 64-66, 71-73; and Turkey, 66f, 77-78, 183; and Pearl Harbor, 68f; and nationalist opposition, 73-75, 89; and Italian-Bulgarian relations, 82ff, 87; Jews and, 93, 95-99, 103-6; Masons and, 94; and occupation of Macedonia, 122-23, 126, 128-30, 255; death of Boris and, 136, 141, 143-46; and Regency, 152,154; in Aegean campaign, 156-59; and Salò republic, 158; and Allied bombings, 166f, 169; and Bulgarian peace negotiations, 169-73; Bagryanov government and, 174-88 passim; and Rumania’s defection, 189-91, 221; and partisan movement, 199-200, 2028; and Muraviev, 204, 208-10, 211, 213-15, 255; Bulgaria declared war on, 215, 255. See also Hitler, Adolf; Nazis
Gestapo, 22, 190
Gichev, Dimiter, 5, 18, 153n, 160-64; and Bagryanov government, 192, 195; and Muraviev government, 204-6, 216; imprisonment of, 217f
Gigurtu, Ion, 29
Giraud, General, 115
Girginov, Alexander, 207
Goebbels, Joseph, 76, 144, 155
Golyamo Shivachevo, 199
Goring, Hermann, 75, 145
Great Britain, 1-3, 6ff, 108-18 passim, 153, 208, 211 ; and outbreak of war, 13-14, 18, 22; and Dobruja crisis, 30-31; and competition for Balkans, 36, 41-43; SOE, 42, 48, 200; severed relations with Bulgaria, 47-49; intervention in Greece, 49, 52, 229, 232; bombed Sofia, 52-53; and Suez Canal, 67; Bulgaria declared war on, 68f, 71, 165; and Turkey, 109, 183, 185; and Boris, 148; in Aegean campaign, 156-59; and Bagryanov government, 180-88 passim; and Congress of Berlin, 191n; aid to partisans, 200-201 Great National Assembly, 151, 153, 205
Greece, 2f, 7f, 72, 114-16; in Balkan Entente, 8-9, 14, 43, 53f; and competition for Balkans, 33, 35-37, 45; Italian invasion of, 35 36, 43; British intervention in, 49, 52, 229, 232; and Macedonia, 122, 125-30, 134, 244; and partisan movement, 133, 198, 203, 244; Communist Party of, 133, 244; and Bagryanov government, 180f, 183-84, 190, 191; mentioned, 50, 88, 104, 165
284
Greenwich, British consular official, 47
“Grigorov,” see Kostov, Traicho
Gruev, Pavel, 140-41, 242
Guderian, General, 185
Halifax, Lord, 14, 43
Harriman, William Averell, 191
Harrington, John, 200
Hart, B. H. Liddell, 231-32
Hassell, Ulrich von, 47, 50, 61, 73
Heiber, Helmut, 155, 248
Hilberg, Raul, 95, 99
Himmler, Heinrich, 145
Hitler, Adolf, 55, 59f, 64f, 66f, 113; and Boris, 1, 73, 75-77, 85, 90, 110, 116, 130, 137-46 passim; and Dobruja crisis, 29f; and competition for Balkans, 32-33, 35f; on Tripartite Pact, 45-46; and Yugoslavia, 49ff; Mein Kampf, 59; and Jews, 99; and Macedonia, 128, 130; and Regency, 157, 172; and Bozhilov, 158-59. See also Germany; Nazis
Hitler Jugend, 38, 82
Hoffmann, Otto, 105
Holland, government-in-exile, 48
“Hristo Botev” radio station, 120, 160, 176, 206
Hristov, Docho, 97, 155, 217
Hull, Cordell, 69, 111
Hungary, 7, 44, 139; and Transylvania, 25, 27, 29, 60n, 227; and Bela Kun campaign, 28n; Churchill on, 3m; war with U.S., 68, 81; and Jewish question, 99, 106; and Salò republic, 158
Ihtiman, 209
IMRO, 8, 82, 125-26, 175, 191
inflation, 174, 179
Inönü, Ismet, 109
Insurrection Operation Zones (VOZ), 199, 203n
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, see IMRO
International Red Cross, 105
Ioanna, Queen, 137n, 139-48 passim, 220, 246
Iraq, 67
Iron Guard, 17, 29, 94
irredentism, Bulgarian, 1, 8f, 13, 15, 32, 60, 113
Israel, 102
Istanbul, 48, 60n, 159, 170ff, 181, 188
Italy, 6f, 32, 111, 226; Mussolini government of, 7, 22, 35ff, 82ff, 116; and outbreak of war, 18, 22, 27, 29f; Fascist Party in, 18, 116; invasion of Greece by, 35-36, 43; and Pearl Harbor, 68; territorial disputes with Bulgaria, 81-84; and Jews, 116; Badoglio government of, 116, 147f, 158; and Macedonia, 126, 128-29
Ivanov, Anton, 197
Izvestiya, 30, 46-47
Japan, 32, 68-70, 84, in, 172
Jesserina area (of Macedonia), 82
Jews, 93-94, 99-105, 118, 239f; sparing of, 22,105-6; legislation against, 38, 94-99, 182, 190, 213
Jodi, General Alfred, 36, 186
Jungenfeldt, von, Colonel, 185
Kaimaxillar, Mt., 244
Kaltenbrunner, SS-General, 158
Karakashev, Vladimir, 39
Kavalla, 84, 127
Kazasov, Dimo, 95f, 138-39, 161, 192
Kerr, Sir Archibald Clark, 211
Kharkov, 135
Kichevo, 133
Killinger, Manfred von, 72
Kioseivanov, Georgi, 5-6, 111, 113, 118, 136; and outbreak of war, 14, 18, 20-21, 224; on Jewish question, 94; and Regency, 152, 154; and Malinov case, 176n; and Muraviev government, 204f
285
Kioseivanov, Peter, 200
Kiril, Prince, 141f, 151-54,193, 217, 247
Kirov, Sava, 155, 157f
Kiselov, Georgi, 172-73, 188
Kleist, von, German field marshal, 107, 241
Kliment of Ohrid, 129n
Knatchbull-Hugessen, Sir Hughe, 22, 187
Kolarov, Vasil, 214-15, 219f
Kolishevski, Lazar, 131-32
Kostov, Deni, 95n
Kostov, Doncho, 176
Kostov, Traicho (“Grigorov”), 130, 195, 197, 201-2, 219
Kosturkov, Stoyan, 161, 217
Kozhuharov, Todor, 20, 94n, 227
Krapchev, Danial, 53-54
Kumanovo, 132
Kushev, Dimiter, 80
Kutsarov, Colonel, 193
Kuyumdzhiisky, Angel, 110, 241-42
Kyustendil, 63, 101-5
language, Bulgarian, 77, 124f
Lavrishchev (Soviet Minister), 85, 168
Law for the Defense of the Nation, 95-97
League of Nations, 8
League of Reserve Officers, 39, 175
Legionnaires, 4, 17f, 73-74, 90, 92f, 118, 217
Lerinsko, 133
Lewis, G. L., 236
Luftwaffe, 52, 167, 189
Lukacs, John A., 175, 232-33
Lukash, General, 213
Lukov, Hristo, 4, 60, 73-75, 92, 94n; assassination of, 117-18, 119n, 198
Lulchev, adviser to Tsar, 103
Macedonia, 49ff, 209-11; Bulgarian occupation of, 1, 3, 122-34, 243; Yugoslav, 3, 8, 123-25, 130, 203; IMRO, 8, 82, 125-26, 175, 191; and Operation Marita, 53-55; Jews in, 99f, 103; Aegean, 122, 125-30; Communist Party in, 123, 130-31, 133; Pirin, 125, 131, 134; minerals in, 129; partisan movement in, 132-33, 244; and Bagryanov government, 174, 180, 182, 186, 191; mentioned, 62, 152, 168, 255
Macedonian Bank, 233
Macmillan, Harold, 42n
Macpherson, Ian, 200
Mafalda, Princess, 145
Magistrati, Count, 37-38
Maisky, Ivan, 41
Malinov, Alexander, 176
Manstein, von, German officer, 135
Marasesti, 29
Marie Louise of Parma, 82n
Marinov, Ivan, 207, 210, 213-14, 216
Marita, Operation, 43, 49, 52-55, 59, 78, 122
Masons, 38, 94
May Day demonstrations, 18, 120
Mein Kampf, 59
Menemenchoglu, Numan, 53
Michael, King (of Rumania), 188-89
Mihailov, Ivan, 126, 191
Mihov, Nikola, 116, 169, 171f, 199, 210; as Regent, 66, 152-54; as minister of war, 79f; and Boris, 88, 137f, 141, 143, 148; meeting with Hitler, 107ff; and Bagryanov government, 178, 193; execution of, 217
Milanovich, Yugoslav Ambassador, 49-50
Milev, M. H., 111, 170, 184
Military League, 5. See also League of Reserve Officers
military service, see army, Bulgarian
Minkov, Nikola, 61, 183-84
Mir, 38, 53, 73, 172, 229
Mirkovich, Bora, 50
Mitakov, Krum, 97
Mohrmann (German official), 90
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 24, 33f, 46, 65, 191, 210f
Momchilov, Nikola, 14, 41, 48, 113
286
Montenegro, 2
Morrell, air attaché in Ankara, 109
Moshanov, Stoicho, 19, 20, 186-90, 204, 208
Muraviev, Konstantin, 5, 153n, 217; his government, 204-17, 255
Musala, Mount, 137f, 140, 147
Mushanov, Nikola, 18ff, 55, 95, 136; and the Regency, 152f; Fatherland Front and, 161f, 164; and Bagryanov government, 186,192; and Muraviev government, 204ff
Mussolini, Benito, 7, 22, 35ff, 82ff, 116; his Salò republic, 158
Naples, 116
Narodnik Party, 161
Narodno Subranie, 6, 172, 217, 220, 226; and outbreak of war, 19ff, 30; and competition for Balkans, 38f, 41; and Tripartite Pact, 45; and Barbarossa, 61; and Pearl Harbor, 68; legislation against Jews, 95-97, 103; and partisan movement, 120, 201 ; formation of Regency and, 152f; and Bagryanov government, 176, 186; dissolving of, 190, 207
National Assembly, see Narodno Subranie
nationalist parties, 3-6, 17, 73-74, 89-90, 117, 248. See also Legionnaires; Ratnitsi; Zveno
Nazis, 1, 6f, 18, 20, 105; and Jews, 93, 95-99, 103-6, 236. See also Germany; Hitler
Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939, 9, 16-18, 24n, 160
Neikov, Dimiter, 218
Neubacher, Hermann, 29, 33, 134
Neues Wiener Tageblatt, 177
Neuilly, 39
Neuilly, Treaty of, 3, 25
neutrality: Bulgarian policy of, 17, 21-23, 204, 208; competition for Balkans and, 32-33, 38f; Bagryanov government and, 186, 189f, 192, 194
New York Times, 139
Nikolaev, N. P., 38
Nikolaev, Nikolai, 38, 61
Nish, 214n
Normandy invasion, 156, 170, 184, 201
North Africa, see Africa, North
Norway, 18, 22
Obbov, Alexander, 218
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 170, 230
Oggi, 246
Ohrid, shrine of, 129
oil, 27; in Rumania, 14, 29, 32, 87, 106, 165; in Caucasus, 87
Operation Barbarossa, 59-66 passim, 160
“Operation Bogdan,” 202
“Operation Hundessohn,” 191
Operation Marita, 43, 49, 52-55, 59, 78, 122
Operation Mincemeat, 115
Oren, Nissan, 202n
Orthodox churches, 96, 125
OSS, 170, 230
Otechestven Front, see Fatherland Front
Otets Paisii (“Father Paisi”) society, 4, 248
“Overlord,” see Normandy invasion
Palestine, 22, 104
Panev, Asen, 30
Panitza, L. B., 101
Panslavism, 40f
Pantev, Colonel, 89, 118-19, 198
Papagal, 21
Papen, Fritz von, 14, 64, 66f, 78, 139, 144
Paris, 8
partisan movement: 1941 failure of, 62-63, 195-97; Gichev on, 163; and Bagryanov government, 174, 192; 1943 revival of, 121, 199-203, 212-13, 253; British assistance to, 200-201 ; structure of, 198-99, 202-3
Partov, Justice Minister, 98
Pashov, Ivan, 162-63, 194
287
Pastuhov, Hristu, 18, 136, 153n, 161, 206, 218
Paul, Prince (of Yugoslavia), 49f
Pavelich, Ante, 126
Pavlov, Boris, 210
Pavlov, Todor, 17, 130
peace negotiations, 110-15, 169-73, 186f, 189-90
Pearl Harbor, 67-70
peasants, 3, 62, 82
Pelin, Elin, 96
Peloponnesus, 115f
Pen Club, 38, 94
People’s Courts, 141, 210n, 217, 242
Pernik, 213
Peshev, Dimiter, 92,101-3, 186
Pétain, Henri Philippe, 226
Peter, King (of Yugoslavia), 50
Petkov, Nikola, 4, 153n, 160ff, 163n, 194, 218f
Petrov, Ivan V., 45, 97
Pirin (Bulgarian) Macedonia, 125, 131, 134
Pladne faction of Agrarian Party, 4, 39, 47, 160f, 194n, 218
Pleven, 213
Ploesti, 165-66
Plovdiv, 18, 101, 169, 198, 213
Poland, 17; government-in-exile, 48 police, 53, 63, 117, 120-21, 201
political parties, 3-6; and bezpartien rezhim, 91; and Macedonia, 122; abolishment of, 213, 229. See also by name
Popov, Ivan, 21, 33, 79, 115, 172; and Tripartite Pact, 49-50; and U.S., 68f; and Jews, 239
Popov, Lazar, 186, 201
Pravda, 46
Prilep, 132
Pulev, Lyuben, 112
Rabotnichesbj mladezhbj suyuz (RMS), 63n, 199
Rabotnichesko delo, 16-18
Radical Party, 4, 161, 217
Radio Berlin, 47
Radio Moscow, 47
Radio Sofia, 250, 255
Radoinov, Tsvyatko, 197
Rastenburg conference, 137, 140-41
Ratnitsi, 4, 17f, 21n, 92f, 118
Red army, 169, 174, 182, 204, 208-16 passim
Red Cross, 104f
Regency, 66, 205; formation of, 151-55; and Hitler, 157, 172; and Bagryanov government, 177, 193, 254; and Muraviev government, 205f, 210; after 1944 coup, 220. See also Filov, Bogdan; Kiril, Prince; Mihov, Nikola
Reitlinger, Gerald, 105
religion, 77, 96, 125, 127
Rendel, Sir George, 13, 48, 113f, 135, 224, 236; and death of Boris, 135, 142f
resistance, see partisan movement
Rhodes, 157
Rhodope Mountains, 199
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 45, 51, 116f, 154; and Soviet-Bulgarian relations, 41, 46, 64, 73; and nationalist opposition, 74, 89; on deportation of Jews, 100, 103; at funeral of Boris, 145; mentioned, 37, 55
Richthofen, Herbert von, 15, 27, 64
Riddle, Donald, 200
right-wing organizations, 4-5, 17. See also nationalist parties
RMS, 63n, 199
Rome, 116
Rommel, Erwin, 115
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 42, 54, 69, 81, 156; and Casablanca conference, 111
Rotary Club, 38, 94
Rukovoden Tsentur, 161. See also Fatherland Front
Rumania, 2f, 7, 96, 115-17; and Balkan Entente, 8-9, 14, 24, 43, 53f; oil fields in, 14, 29, 32, 87, 106, 165; and Bessarabia, 15, 24-25, 27f; Iron Guard in, 17, 29, 94; and Transylvania, 25, 29, 94n, 227; and Craiova agreement, 29-30; war with U.S., 68, 81; and Jewish question, 94, 99, 104; and Bagryanov government, 178f, 184; defection from Axis, 188-91; mentioned, 13, 44
288
Ruse, 84,196
Russia, Tsarist, 2, 6-7, 241 See also USSR
Savov, Dimiter, 250
Sajitz, Dr., 137f
Salò republic, 158
Salonika, 49, 50, 54
Salonika, Treaty of, 14
Samos, 157
San Stefano, Treaty of, 2, 119, 191n
Sardinia, 115
Saxe-Coburg dynasty, 114, 220
Schaufelberger, Constant, 139, 246
Schellenberg, head of Section VI of the SD, 75, 145
Schmidt, Dr. (Hider’s interpreter), 90
Schönebeck, General, 75, 145
Schulenburg, German ambassador in Moscow, 24
SD, 75, 136, 145
secret organizations, 38, 94, 96
Serbia, 2f, 88, 158, 169, 191; and Tripartite Pact, 50; and Macedonia, 125, 130; Bulgarian troops in, 132, 172, 182, 190, 207. See also Yugoslavia
Sevov, Yordan, 68, 82, 108n, 110, 112, 171; and Lukov, 118; executed, 217; and Bagryanov government, 250-51
“Sharlo,” see Shatarov, Metodi
Shatarov, Metodi (“Sharlo”), 130-31
Shishkov, Peter, 153
Shishmanov, Dimiter, 157, 172-73
Shumen, 215
Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 75, 136, 145
Sicily, 115f
Silistra, 30, 213
Sima, Horia, 29
Simeon, Prince (later Tsar), 144, 151, 246
Simovich, Dushan, 50f
Skopie, 53f, 101, 103, 123f, 157
Skorzeny, Otto, 158
Slavs, 46f, 77, 97, 129. See also by name of country
Slessor, Sir John, 170
Sliven, 18
Slovo, 61
Sobolev, Arkadi A., 34-35, 40
Social Democratic Party, 4, 136, 153n, 160f, 194n, 206, 218
Sofia, 47-48, 119, 212f; American college at, 8; and outbreak of war, 18, 22; May Day demonstrations in, 18, 120; Allied bombing of, 52-53, 106, 166-68, 232-33; Soviet legation in, 65, 73; Jews in, 95, 101,104; and partisan movement, 196ff; mentioned, 46, 54, 190, 233
Sofia Military Academy, 216
Sofia University, 7, 129n
Sonderpolitik, 145f
South East Europe Confederation, 114
Southern Dobruja, 1, 3, 25, 28-30, 114, 124, 218; and Bagryanov government, 174, 180. See also Dobruja
Soviet Union, see USSR
Spain, 99
Spanish Civil War, 18, 86
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 42, 48, 200
Sredna Gora, 202
SS, 145f
Stainov, Petko, 20, 30, 38, 91, 153n, 205f; on anti-Jewish legislation, 95; and Macedonia, 124; and Bagryanov, 193
Stalin, Joseph, 30, 106, 109, 159
Stalingrad, 61, 87f, 107-8, 119, 197, 245
Stalisky, Alexander, 175
Stambolisky, Alexander, 3, 6, 8, 205; and IMRO, 125; coup against, 161, 163, 175
Stambolov, Stefan, 21n
Stamenov, Bulgarian ambassador in Moscow, 34
Stanchov, Ivan, 180, 190
289
Stanishev, Alexander, 175, 193
Steengracht, Baron, 144, 154
Stettinius, Edward, 191-92
Stoyanov, General, 213
strikes, 18-19, 212-13
Suez Canal, 67
Sweet-Escott, Bickham, 48
Swiss Red Cross, 104
Switzerland, 111, 113
Syria, 67, 109
Tadzher, Leon, 196
Taranto, 36
TASS, 40
Tehran conference, 162
Telpuchowski, Boris S., 254
“Tempo,” see Vukmanovich, Svetozar
terrorism, 8, 82, 119, 198
Thompson, Frank, 200
Thrace, 34f, 72; Aegean, 99, 122n, 128, 200; Jews in, 100, 103; and Bagryanov government, 180, 184, 186; mentioned, 2, 120, 168, 215
Times, London, 34
Tito, Marshal, 131, 133-34, 168f
tobacco workers, 18, 27
Todorov, Kosta, 4
Tolbukhin, General, 214, 216
Traikov, Kosta, 218
Transylvania, 25, 27, 29, 60n, 227
Trichkov, Vlado, 200
Trifonov, General, 213
Tripartite Pact, 32-38 passim, 59, 68f, 113, 186-87; Bulgaria’s signing of, 45-46, 175; Yugoslavia and, 49-51, 232
Tsankov, Alexander, 3-5, 217; as Mason, 38, 94n; and Boris, 60, 73-74, 90; and Jews, 95, 102-3; and Regency, 152ff ; and Bagryanov government, 186, 191; mentioned, 20, 30, 175, 206
“Tsaous, Andon,” see Fosteridhis, Andonios
Tsar and the General, The (film), 79n
TsVK, 195f
Turkey, 77-78, 87, 108-11, 170-72; Bulgarian liberation from, 2, 119; and Balkan Entente, 8-9, 14, 24, 43, 53f; and Bessarabia, 24n; and competition for Balkans, 34, 37, 41, 43-44; pact with Bulgaria, 43-44, 49, 66; neutrality of, 44, 66-67, 159; and Operation Marita, 53; “Adana lists,” 109; and Lukov’s assassination, 118; Allied policy toward, 156; and Bagryanov government, 179, 183, 185-89; property tax in, 236; mentioned, 60n, 72f, 96, 141, 168
Turnovo region, 199
Union of Bulgarian Lawyers, 96
Union of Exporters, 233
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, see USSR
Union of Writers, 96
Union of Young Workers (RMS), 63n, 199
unions, 82. See also by name
United Nations, 180f
United States of America, 1, 6, 8, 111-14, 170-71, 173; Donovan’s visit to Bulgaria, 42-43, 230; and Turkey, 44, 109, 183; and Operation Marita, 54; Pearl Harbor, 67-70; war with Bulgaria, 68-71, 81, 165; OSS, 170, 230; and Bagryanov government, 181, 183, 187-88, 191
USSR, 5f, 46-47, 85-87, 168, 204; Communist Party in, 4, 16, 86, 131; and Boris, 9; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 9, 15-18, 240, 160; and outbreak of war, 15-19, 21, 24-25, 27-28, 30; and competition for Balkans, 32-41 passim; and Baltic states, 37, 227; and Operation Barbarossa, 59-62, 77; Stalingrad, 61, 878, 107-8, 119, 197, 245; legation in Bulgaria, 64-73 passim, 84; and Fatherland Front, 160, 162; Red army, 169, 174, 182, 204, 208-16 passim; and Bagryanov government, 176-94 passim; and Turkey, 183, 185; and Rumania, 188-89; and partisan movement, 196, 202; and Muraviev government, 205-16 passim, 255; declaration of war on Bulgaria, 210-12 ,255; mentioned, 105, 159, 218f, 235
290
Uzunov, Doncho, 98
Vardar (Yugoslav) Macedonia, 3, 8, 123-25, 130, 203
Varna, 84, 86, 179, 204, 215; Soviet consulate in, 65, 182; Jews in, 101; and partisan movement, 202; strikes in, 213
Vasilev, Slaveiko, 103, 171-72, 175-76, 201
Vazov, Ivan, 153
Velchev, Damian, 5, 103n, 117, 161, 216n, 219
Veliko Narodno Subranie, 151, 153, 205
Versailles, Treaty of, 7
Vichy France, 67, 99
Victor Emmanuel III (of Italy), 7, 82n, 135, 137, 144, 220
Vienna settlements, 32, 83, 237
Volchev, representative of Welt-Presse, 74-75
VOZ, 199, 203n
Vrabcha faction of Agrarian Party, 4, 160, 195, 206, 217f
Vranchev, Peter, 163
Vranya, 168
Vukmanovich, Svetozar (“Tempo”), 133
Waffen-SS, 89
Wagner, Colonel, 232
war crimes, 217
Warlimont, General, 167
Weichs, von, Field Marshal, 185
Welles, Sumner, 54
Welt-Presse, 74
White Russian immigrants, 64
Woermann, Ernst, 15, 25, 28n
World War I, 25, 55, 81n, 122, 125, 135, 177-78, 185
Yakovlev, Soviet chargé d’affaires, 211, 214
Yalta, Allied conference at, 219
Yanakiev, Kulcho, 119
Yanev, Sotir, 41, 61-62, 86; assassination of, 118, 119n, 198
Yankova, Violeta, 198, 253
Yaranov, Professor, 54
Yeni Sabah, 44
youth organizations, 74, 90; Brannik, 38, 68-69, 82; German, 38,82; RMS, 63n, 199; Italian, 82
Yugoslavia, 7, 13, 16, 29, 114, 218; Serbia, 2f, 50, 88, 125, 130, 132, 158, 169, 172, 182, 190f, 207; and Macedonia, 3, 8, 122-25, 128, 130, 203; Croatia, 8, 54, 126; and Balkan Entente, 8-9, 14, 24, 43, 53f; friendship pact with Bulgaria, 8, 14, 152; and Tripartite Pact, 49-51, 232; and Operation Marita, 52ff; Communist Party in, 123, 130-34; and Bagryanov government, 180f, 183-84, 190; partisan warfare in, 198, 201, 203
Yugov, Anton, 131, 219
Zagorov, Slavcho, 79, 94, 148
Zagreb, 126
Zahariev, Nikola, 136
Zaimov, Vladimir, 79-80, 117f, 197
Zhekov, Nikola, 22, 226
Zheleskov, Colonel, 190, 204
Zhivkov, Todor, 212
Zietzler, Colonel, 37
Zlatev, Pencho, 152
Zora, 54, 128
Zveno, 5, 172, 193, 206, 218-19; and Fatherland Front, 153n, 160, 162f