ÿþ<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-gb"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <title>M. MacDermott - Yane Sandansky - 9</title> <style> <!-- p.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-autospace:none; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-top:0pt} --> </style> </head> <body> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white" align="left"> <b> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="4">FOR FREEDOM AND PERFECTION. </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="4">The Life of Yané Sandansky</font></span></i></b><font size="4"><br> <b>Mercia MacDermott </b></span></font> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"><b><span lang="en-us"> <font size="3"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">9.</span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> AFTERMATH</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> During the autumn of 1903 and the winter of 1904, Sofia played hostess to numerous survivors of the Ilinden shipwreck who slipped across the frontier to rest and take stock of the situation. Of the top-rank leaders, Damé Gruev, Peré Toshev, Gyorché Petrov and Anastas Lozanchev had elected to remain with the stricken people in their areas, as had some of the <i>voivodi. </i>It was, nevertheless, a large and representative section of the Organization that now strolled the streets of the Bulgarian capital and sat about in cafés, beer-gardens and cheaper restaurants. The failure of the Rising had revived the factional differences which its outbreak had temporarily erased, and like-minded people came together in groups, seeking comfort in each other s company, holding post-mortems, and making plans for the future.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Yané, Chernopeev and their supporters, would lunch together in the inner room of a butcher s shop. The menu was monotonous: various kinds of <i>gyuvech</i> <a href="#1.">[1]</a> or roast meats, very tasty and very peppery, washed down with Pazardzhik wine, and eaten with unusually large amounts of bread. Apart from those <i>en pension</i>, <a href="#2.">[2]</a> <i>&nbsp;</i>there would be passing guests, usually comrades from the frontier area, newly arrived in the capital, who enlivened the conversation with the latest news from the enslaved country. At these lunches, people would relate further new and interesting details about the kidnapping of Miss Stone, and other adventures in the interior, or recall memories of dear fallen comrades. There was also, however, one inevitable theme which would always be discussed in an ironic or sarcastic tone and that was Supremism. The joint action in Pirin during the autumn had in no way blunted the antagonisms of the past, neither had it erased the ideological differences. On the contrary, in this milieu, there was now a further hardening of the conviction that it was Supremism which had forced the Ilinden Rising and which had, at all costs, to be rooted out in order to avoid new misfortunes for the people and the Organization. One also caught notes of hostility towards those <i>internal </i>people who had decided upon and organized the Rising in the Bitolya</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="1."><font size="2">1.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Meat, potatoes and a great variety of vegetables baked together in an earthenware dish.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="2."><font size="2">2.</font></a></b><font size="2"> The Organization arranged free board and lodging for its down-and-out members in the Principality.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">151</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Region. Here, however, the <i>Serchani </i>and <i>Strumichani</i> <a href="#3."> [3]</a> still exercised a certain restraint, and confined themselves to open and spiteful ridicule of Boris Sarafov s  self-advertisement . <a href="#4.">[4]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Boris Sarafov was, indeed, an inveterate showman and seeker of limelight. His visits abroad, his attempts to win for the Cause the patronage of foreign public figures as diverse and inappropriate as Prince Joseph Battenberg and the American Consul in St Petersburg, the notoriety which he had gained over the Mihaileanu case not to mention his habitually extravagant behaviour had all served to make him something of an international celebrity. <a href="#5.">[5]</a> His was the name which usually appeared in the foreign press in connection with the Macedonian movement; his was the person that drew the crowds in Sofia. Whereas the other leading participants in the rising came to Sofia quietly and without fuss, Sarafov s arrival was sufficiently bruited about to ensure that an enthusiastic multitude met him at Sofia Station, with flowers and cheers, while a band played the Bulgarian National Anthem. Speeches were made, a procession was formed, and he was carried shoulder high to his parents house. <a href="#6.">[6]</a> During his stay in Sofia, Sarafov continued to bask in the sunlight of publicity: photos of his <i> cheta </i>appeared in shop windows; journalists, both Bulgarian and foreign, vied with one another to secure interviews; and everywhere his undoubtedly handsome figure enhanced by a becoming rebel uniform and romantically long hair inevitably drew the attention of enthusiastic patriots and curious foreigners alike. Sarafov was in his element, and the <i>Serchani </i>despised him for it.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Apart from the informal discussions that went on in the eating-houses and <i> pensions, </i>there were also general meetings called by Hristo Matov and Dr Tatarchev, the Organisation s External Representatives. At these meetings, which continued for many weeks, <i>voivodi </i>and committee leaders from all the regions discussed the future of the Organization. The meetings were consultative and exploratory in character, not policy-making, since those participating were, of necessity, unmandated. All were agreed that the Organization should continue its work among the people in Macedonia and Thrace, but, in the course of the discussions on the</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="3."><font size="2">3.</font></a></b><font size="2"> <i>Serchani </i>people from the Serres Region; <i>Strumichani </i>people from the Strumitsa Region.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="4."><font size="2">4.</font></a></b><font size="2"> See Hristo Silyanov, <i>Osvoboditelnite borbi na Makedonia, </i>Vol. II, Sofia 1943, p. 57. Silyanov was himself in Sofia at the time, and was present at some of the lunches.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="5."><font size="2">5.</font></a></b><font size="2"> John MacDonald, correspondent of the London <i>Daily News, </i>who was better informed than many other journalists about Macedonian affairs, found it necessary to remind his readers on more than one occasion that, contrary to popular belief, Sarafov was not the main leader of the Macedonian revolutionaries, neither was his committee nor any other committee in Sofia, the society  which really counts . See <i>Daily News, </i>February 17 and June 1st, 1903.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="6."><font size="2">6.</font></a></b><font size="2"> See <i>Daily News, </i>16.XI.1903; <i>Dnevnik </i>(Sofia) 3.XI.1903. This newspaper gave almost an entire page to its report of Sarafov s arrival.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">152</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> practical details of the manner and direction of this work, three separate groupings could be distinguished. The first consisted of those who continued to believe that the Rising had been inevitable, who considered that it had produced certain positive results such as greater international pressure for reform and that there was no need to make any drastic changes in the structure or practice of the Organization. The main spokesman for this group was Hristo Matov. The second grouping consisted of left-wingers, who had been the strongest opponents of Supremism and of the Rising itself. Led by Yané and the <i>Serchani, </i>this group now advocated a policy of decentralization, with the Central Committee which, to all practical purposes, had ceased to function as such playing a much reduced role, and with the regions enjoying much greater independence of action. They also proposed that all officials and committees should be elected, and not appointed. Many of the left-wingers were strongly influenced by the Bulgarian equivalent of the Bolsheviks the so-called Narrow Socialists, who derived their nick-name from their strict adherence to Marxist principles and their refusal to countenance any form of opportunism, or collaboration with bourgeois parties. <a href="#7.">[7]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> At the beginning of 1904, the views of the Left were laid out in a document entitled <i>Directive for the Future Activity of the Organization</i>. <a href="#8.">[8]</a> which was drafted by Dimo Hadzhidimov and another Socialist, Dimitmr Mirazchiev. The first points made in the <i>Directive </i>are that a rising should not be  preordained and imposed by individual personalities , but should be determined by internal conditions and the state of the Organization s development and preparedness. In future, without fixing a date for a new rising, it is necessary to work for the consolidation and strengthening of the Organization. On no account must the population be deceived into hoping for outside help. It must rely on its own forces, and the Organization s centre of gravity must be shifted from the <i> cheti </i>to the mass of the people, with the <i>cheti </i>acting chiefly as instructors and inspectors. <i>All </i>those who are  discontented with the existing regime must be brought into the Organization, and this must be understood as meaning not only Bulgarians, but all the nationalities inhabiting the Organization s territory. Balkan Federation is indicated as an ultimate solution of the national problem, as  the sole way for the salvation of all . The <i>Directive </i>lays much stress on the need for systematic propaganda work among the mass of the people, who must be made to realize the full enormity of their lack of rights, and the total inadequacy of educational, medical and other facilities, within the Turkish Empire. In connection with this, suitable literature</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="7."><font size="2">7.</font></a></b><font size="2"> In the summer of 1903, at the Tenth Congress of the Bulgarian Workers Social-Democratic Party, the  Narrow Socialist majority had expelled the  Broad Socialist minority, because they had advocated winning  broad support by accepting almost anyone into the Party, by co-operating with bourgeois parties on certain issues, etc.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="8."><font size="2">8.</font></a></b><font size="2"> The greater part of the <i>Directive, </i>and its accompanying <i> Instructions, </i>are quoted in Hadzhidimov s article <i>Two Tendencies, </i>in <i>Revolyutsionnen List, </i>No. 8, 27.I.1905.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">153</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> must be made available. Behind all the points made in the <i>Directive </i>is the idea that the Organization should work towards turning the  slave into  a conscious citizen :  There is nothing worse than artificiality in a revolutionary movement, but, at the same time, there is nothing harder than the creation of conscious revolutionary forces within the peasant masses. The village accepts the new with difficulty. It is easy to rouse the peasant to revolt in view of his oppressed position in Turkey, but to make the movement systematic and conscious is a difficult task. However, having in mind that this same population is being prepared not only to win rights, but also to preserve and use them, it is necessary to overcome this difficulty and to move slowly but surely toward the awakening of a political consciousness which will bring about a genuine collapse of tyranny. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> The third group was based less on ideas than on personal loyalty to Boris Sarafov. Few could remain neutral in their attitude towards this vigorous maverick of a man. Those aspects of his character and activity which irritated and repelled the <i>Serchani </i>attracted others, and he deliberately sought to increase his personal power and prestige by surrounding himself with a collection of influential admirers. Sarafov stayed a relatively short time in Sofia, and he was soon off on a European tour, in the course of which he visited Belgrade, Vienna, London, Paris, Rome and Geneva, to raise money in whatever way he thought best, alleging that he had been mandated to do this by the comrades in the Bitolya Region. The announcement of his plan caused some alarm among those gathered in Sofia, and, because of his unpredictable and often irresponsible conduct, there was violent opposition to his going, especially from the Left. In the end, having been unable to prevent Sarafov from leaving the country, the External Representatives sent Mihail Gerdzhikov after him, with a mandate to act jointly with Sarafov in the name of the Organization. In this way they hoped to exercise some control over his doings and to curb his wilder manifestations of initiative. This was easier said than done. In Vienna, for example, Sarafov slipped away on the pretext of visiting an old flame, but apparently went to a secret meeting with the Austrian Foreign Minister, Count Goluchowski. In London, in Gerdzhikov s presence, he attempted to raise a loan of two or three million pounds, and, when asked for some firm guarantee, he offered the right to exploit Lake Ohrid after Macedonia had been freed! <a href="#9.">[9]</a> In Rome, he declared in a  sensational interview with the newspaper <i>Giornale d Italia </i>that slavery under Turkey was preferable to slavery under Austria or Russia. <a href="#10.">[10]</a> He was even reported to have entered into negotiations</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="9."><font size="2">9.</font></a></b><font size="2"> See Mihail Gerdzhikov s memoirs, Miletich, Vol. IX, pp. 86-87.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="10."><font size="2">10.</font></a></b><font size="2"> <i>Vecherna poshta </i>(Sofia), 3.I.1904.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> &nbsp;</span><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">154</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> with the Vatican for a Uniat <a href="#11.">[11]</a> between the Catholic Church and Orthodox Christians in Macedonia, although later reports indicate that the Vatican was not prepared to entertain either him or his ideas. <a href="#12.">[12]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Eventually, the discussions in Sofia became repetitive and began to pall. One by one, the <i>voivodi </i>and other leaders of the Organization returned to their districts, and Chernopeev and Yané were the first to go. They went via Dupnitsa, where Chernopeev was detained by the police in connection with a shooting incident involving Captain Yordan Stoyanov. The latter alleged that, as he was returning to Dupnitsa from Sofia in a carriage with a Dupnitsa judge named Semerdzhiev, they were fired upon by a gang of men, among whom he claimed to have recognized Chernopeev and two other friends of Yané s. Semerdzhiev, however, declined to identify Chernopeev as one of the assailants, and, since Stoyanov s accusations remained without corroboration, Chernopeev was duly released. <a href="#13.">[13]</a> Yané himself was not, in fact, arrested, although rumours of his arrest reached Dimo Hadzhidimov in Sofia. <a href="#14.">[14]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> All things considered, the situation that Yané found in Macedonia was more encouraging than might have been expected. In the areas which had not risen, the Organization had remained more or less intact and was functioning normally. Even in the worst affected areas, it still retained</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="11."><font size="2">11.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Ibid., 4.I.1904. Such Uniats had been negotiated in the past as, for example, in Kukush in 1859, where, after the Greek Patriarch had refused to appoint a Bulgarian bishop, the townsfolk had turned to Rome.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="12."><font size="2">12.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Ibid., 7.I.1904.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="13."><font size="2">13.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Stoyanov s own account of the incident appears in the Sofia newspaper <i> Dnevnik, </i>28.XII.1903. Other reports of the incident can be found in <i>Den, </i>4.I.1904, and the memoirs of Konstantin Zlatkov Stoyanov, OIM Blagoevgrad, No. 547. According to Konstantin Zlatkov Stoyanov, Yordan Stoyanov s assailants were, indeed, the Organization s men. Yordan Stoyanov was said to have given orders for the killing of Georgi Hristov, a local pharmacist, who was a member of the Organization, and Hristo s comrades had responded with the attack on Yordan Stoyanov. Hristov was the Chairman of the Dupnitsa Charitable Commission, whose job was to assist those who had fled from Macedonia after the Rising. Contemporary newspapers carry accounts of bad blood between various Macedonian factions, and between Supremist <i>cheti </i>and the Charitable Commission. Doncho s men, in particular, were dissatisfied with the relief which they received, and because of their intolerable behaviour towards the Commission all its members, led by Hristov, resigned <i>in corpore. </i>See <i>Den, </i> 17.I.1904. In an earlier issue of <i>Den </i>(8.I.1904), Anton Strashimirov reminded those who complained of the unruliness of feuding  Macedonian factions that, in the celebrated Stoyanov case, neither the victim nor the accused was a  Macedonian : Yordan Stoyanov and Hristo Chernopeev both came from northern Bulgaria. Georgi Hristov was actually killed not at this time, but on January 9, 1909. (See <i>Narodna Volya, </i>17.I.1909). The murder was said to be the work of Supremist officers led by Yordan Stoyanov, who had been arrested. The murderers were named by Doncho Zlatkov, who alleged that Stoyanov had promised them 1000 <i>leva </i>and protection if arrested. (See <i>Narodna Volya, </i> 31.I.1909.)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="14."><font size="2">14.</font></a></b><font size="2"> See Dimo Hadzhidimov s letter to his wife, dated 26.I.1904, TPA, f. 151, op. 1, a.e. 408, p. 25.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> &nbsp;</span><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">155</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> the people s loyalty a fact which was attested by foreign relief workers. <a href="#15.">[15]</a> Destitute, homeless, tormented and bereaved, they still looked to their Organization for leadership, offering it the same unchanging trust and ilevotion that the defeated Highland clansmen offered Bonny Prince Charlie when they besought him in song to  come back again . Unlike the fugitive Stuart Prince, the leaders of the Organization had no intention of abandoning either their people or their Cause. All of them were soon back at their posts, busily repairing the damage and preparing to continue the fight for human rights and freedom.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Public opinion abroad was deeply and genuinely shocked by the events in Macedonia, and ordinary citizens in Britain, France and many other countries reacted swiftly with expressions of indignation and offers of material support. For months on end, Macedonia was constantly in the world s headlines; for months on end, newspapers carried reports of atrocities, of the plight of refugees, of protest meetings and of contributions to relief funds. Britons did not hesitate to point out their country s special responsibility as the initiator of the Berlin Treaty. A typical example is the letter written by John Gifford to the London <i>Daily New</i>:  Who tore up the Treaty of San Stefano a treaty by which Bulgaria would not have been restricted within its present boundaries, but would have embraced the area in which the &quot;unspeakable Turk&quot; is now engaged in quelling, in characteristic fashion, what he is pleased to regard as a rebellion? Was it not Lords Beaconfield and Salisbury who got rid of that treaty and put the Berlin Treaty in its place? It was those same lords who insisted on Armenia and Macedonia being kept in bondage to the cruel Sultan, and placed us in the hateful position of championing the government of the &quot;throned assassin of Europe&quot;. Let us face the facts. We have carried a people struggling for liberty into a deeper and darker prison. Macedonia ought to have been at this hour the home of a free and self-governing people. It is Aceldama; and the skirts of England are red with the blood of the Macedonian field. <a href="#16.">[16]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Not only in the Press, but also from the pulpit was the same idea expressed. In an address given in Bristol Cathedral, the Bishop of Worcester reminded those present that they  must not forget their responsibility as Englishmen, nor that it was England that interposed to prevent the</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="15."><font size="2">15.</font></a></b><font size="2"> See H.N.B. Brailsford: <i>Macedonia its races and their future, </i>1906, p. 166. Brailsford was in Macedonia during the winter of 1903-1904, acting on behalf of the British Relief Fund. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Balkan Committee founded in London in 1903. The Committee s aim was:  To educate public opinion in the knowledge that grave responsibilities were incurred by Great Britain in 1878 at the Treaty of Berlin, when she secured the restoration of Macedonia to the Turk. Had it not been for English action in 1878, the whole of the area of the massacre and outrage in 1903 would have been part of a free and prosperous Balkan state. (Noel Buxton, <i>Europe and the Turks, </i>London, 1907, p. 136.)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="16."><font size="2">16.</font></a></b><font size="2"> <i>Daily News, </i>16.IX.1903.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> &nbsp;</span><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">156</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> execution of the Treaty of San Stefano . <a href="#17.">[17]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> The Portsmouth Liberal Association passed the following resolution:  That as loyal Englishmen we remember that this country was one of the principal signatories to the Treaty of Berlin, and therefore England is largely responsible for the long-continued misrule of Turkey in the Balkan States, and we therefore urgently call upon his Majesty s Government to take action to stop the massacres in accordance with the terms of the Berlin Treaty. <a href="#18.">[18]</a> The Trade Union Congress, meeting in Leicester, suspended standing orders to consider a resolution on Macedonia, calling on the Government to take steps to prevent the continuance of outrages. The resolution was passed with only two votes against. <a href="#19.">[19]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Comparisons were made between British policy in South Africa and in Macedonia:  If there were gold and diamond mines in Macedonia, should we not even now rush into the fray nay, should we not have found an excuse for annexing it years ago? But since there are only defenceless women and children to be protected and protecting women and children is not our forte the cry from Macedonian appeals to us in vain. <a href="#20.">[20]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Comparisons were also made between Disraeli and Balfour, the then Prime Minister, whose assertion that the  balance of criminality lay with the rebels rather than with the Turks was likened to Disraeli s dismissal of reports of Turkish atrocities during the April Rising of 1876 as  coffee-house babble . Both remarks were described by the <i>Daily News </i>as  an indelible blot on the page of English politics. <a href="#21.">[21]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> While Balfour emulated Disraeli, Herbert Gladstone M.P., son of William Gladstone, donned his father s mantle and told his constituents in West Leeds that  if ever on earth a revolt was justified, it was the revolution in Macedonia&quot;. For his part, he wished all success to those who had revolted against the abominable rule of the Sultan. <a href="#22.">[22]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Of all the statements of sympathy with the Macedonian population, one of the most touching came from Miss Stone:  I confess I was not so sorry to read this morning of Chamberlain s accepted resignation as I should have been had he not taken such a cold-blooded position relative to our terribly suffering Macedonians. Can he not understand that the letters of special correspondents in Macedonia which have been published for months past in &quot;The Daily News&quot; are the true accounts of people struggling against fearful odds for the bare right to live and be free? I am no apologist for rash and outrageous acts by whomsoever committed but I know that when done by the Christians of Macedonia it has been from the frenzy of their desperation at seeing all Christian (?) Europe</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="17."><font size="2">17.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Ibid., 16.X.1903.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="18."><font size="2">18.</font></a></b><font size="2"> <i>Daily News, </i>5.X.1903.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="19."><font size="2">19.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Ibid., 13.IX.1903.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="20."><font size="2">20.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Ibid., letter from the Rev. Silas Hocking.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="21."><font size="2">21.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Ibid., 2.IX.1903.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="22."><font size="2">22.</font></a></b><font size="2"> <i>Daily News, </i>16.X.1903.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">157</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> standing passive, telling the Turk he has a &quot;free hand&quot;, another word for inconceivable cruelties, to put down the insurrection. Would to God that Great Britain, who is so largely responsible for the terrible sufferings and loss of life in Macedonia, as well as in Armenia, for the last twenty years, would unite with France and Italy, and put down this blot upon history s fair pages, in this third year of the twentieth century. <a href="#23.">[23]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Yet, contrary to the optimistic predictions of the congresses which prepared the Rising, no real improvements were achieved. Initially there was much diplomatic to-ing and fro-ing, and much talk of reform, but, in the final analysis, the results were meagre and totally inadequate, since the Great Powers were in favour of maintaining the <i>status quo</i>. <a href="#24.">[24]</a> It was left to the two  most interested powers  Russia and Austro-Hungary to work out a programme of reforms. This programme, known as the Mürtzsteg Reforms, was prepared and negotiated with Turkey during the autumn of 1903, and was put into practice during the spring of 1904. The main provisions were that the Sultan should appoint an Inspector-General to ensure law and order in the three <i>vilayets </i>that comprised Macedonia, and that he should be assisted by two civilian agents one Austrian and one Russian. Furthermore, the Gendarmerie was to be reorganized by a foreign general who would be in the service of the Turkish Government. This general in the event, an Italian was to be assisted by foreign officers, who, stationed throughout Macedonia, would instruct and inspect the Gendarmerie, without, however, being in command of its local units. The programme of reforms also obliged the Turkish Government to provide funds for the resettlement of refugees, and for the repair of damaged houses, schools and churches.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> All the foreigners appointed were well-intentioned, well-qualified persons, who did their level best to cleanse the Augean stables of Sultan Abdul Hamid, but, in fact, their task was an impossible one, since the Inspector-General was none other than the Sultan s faithful and cunning steward Hilmi Pasha. The gendarme officers had no real power in the districts assigned to them and the whole programme was totally without  teeth , in the sense that, as before, everything depended on the goodwill of the Sultan and his local representatives, who, in practice, did everything possible to block any changes. Hilmi Pasha was a man full of charm and apparent sweet reasonableness, a man who showed willing, yet succeeded in wriggling out of any real action to improve conditions in Macedonia. Reginald Wyon, correspondent of the <i>Daily Mail, </i>described</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="23."><font size="2">23.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Ibid., 28.X.1903.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="24."><font size="2">24.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Britain, who, in the past, had played the leading role in bolstering up the Turkish Empire, was now the chief advocate of reforms in Macedonia, because of her opposition to increasing German influence in Turkey. Russia deeply engaged in the Far East and Austro-Hungary biding her time for expansion towards the Aegean both favoured maintaining the <i>status quo, </i>as did France, who had considerable investments in Turkey. Britain thus found herself in the minority.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">158</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> him thus:  By far the cleverest of the Turks I met was Hilmi Pasha, the Inspector General of Reforms. His perversion of the truth was simply superb, and we used to say of him that he could make a man believe that Paris was really the capital of England and prove it by statistics. <a href="#25.">[25]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> The Times </span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Special Correspondent obtained an interview with Hilmi Pasha, which he ironically reported, in part, thus:  He informed me that only seventeen churches had been burned in this <i>vilayet, </i>but, as each village, he impressed upon me, had its own church, five out of the twenty-two ruins I saw must in reality have been merely colossal dustheaps. The resemblance was certainly very striking. The peasants, he said, were being induced by the authorities to return to their villages, and agricultural implements and tools were being distributed everywhere. The former statement is probably correct; the distribution of the tools is, perhaps, being carried out secretly. <a href="#26.">[26]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> While the Great Powers were busy with their largely abortive programmes for reform, the Bulgarian Principality was striving to normalize its relations with Turkey. Negotiations between the two countries had begun before Ilinden, and, curiously enough, continued throughout the Rising and its aftermath, until final agreement was reached on March 26, 1904 (old style), on the following basis: the reforms proposed by Russia and Austro-Hungary would be implemented, and the Sultan would declare an amnesty for all Bulgarians suspected or convicted of revolutionary activity, with the exception of dynamiters, in return for which the Bulgarian Government undertook to prevent the formation of <i>cheti </i>on its territory, and their passage, together with that of explosives, poisonous substances, etc., into the neighbouring Turkish villages. There were also clauses providing for the minimization of customs and passport formalities between the two states, and for the normal running of trains. <a href="#27.">[27]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> This Treaty led to two of the few positive achievements of international diplomacy during the period 1903-1904, namely, the release of more than four thousand Bulgarians held in Turkish prisons, and the return of thousands of refugees to their homes in Macedonia and Thrace. The news of the amnesty reached Macedonia at Easter 1904, and in many places it became known to the people during the actual service, so that the traditional proclamation of Christ s resurrection was followed by emotional scenes of indescribable joy.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> As early as October, a Turkish proclamation had invited the Bulgarian population to return to the villages and resume normal work. The pro-</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="25."><font size="2">25.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Reginald Wyon, <i>The Balkans from Within, </i>1904, p. 38.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="26."><font size="2">26.</font></a></b><font size="2"> <i>The Times, </i>17.XI.1903. Report from Monastir (Bitolya).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="27."><font size="2">27.</font></a></b><font size="2"> The negotiations are described in detail by Tushé Vlahov in <i>Kriza v bmlgaro-turskité otnosbeniya 1895-1908, </i>Sofia 1977. Turkey s interest in pursuing negotiations which were more to the advantage of Bulgaria was dictated by the idea that, if agreement could be reached with the Principality, there was less likelihood of unwelcome interference by the Great Powers.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">159</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> clamation assured the people of the Sultan s constant care for their welfare, and attributed the Rising to a small minority of  evil-minded ones , who had deceived the inhabitants and committed  repulsive transgressions . <a href="#28.">[28]</a> In fact, many peasants who took advantage of this proclamation and went home found that the local authorities were not prepared to honour their Government s invitation. Searches for arms continued, and people were tortured to produce guns which they did not possess. Needless to say, virtually nothing was done about repairing damaged Christian houses and other buildings, or about financial assistance for returned refugees.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> One of the most sickening aspects of the defeat was the way in which the Greeks openly took the side of the Turks against their Bulgarian fellow-Christians. The Greek Government went so far as to issue a circular to Greek consuls in Macedonia, inviting them to recommend to the Greek population not only that it abstain from participation in the insurrection, but also that it help the Turkish authorities in securing its rapid suppression by denouncing refugee Bulgarian insurgents. <a href="#29.">[29]</a> Germanos Karavangelis, Greek Archbishop of Kastoria, carrying a gun, and accompanied by a band of armed Cretans, followed the Turkish troops round the Bulgarian villages, threatening the population with worse disasters if they persisted in their rebelliousness, and promising them protection if they would renounce the Exarchate and recognize the Greek Patriarch. Both Reginald Wyon the <i>Daily Mail </i>correspondent and H.N. Brailsford representative of the British Relief Fund mention that the Greeks refused to admit Bulgarians to their hospital in Bitolya.  They are our enemies, the Greek Bishop of Krushovo explained to Brailsford. <a href="#30.">[30]</a> The latter also had an audience with the Greek Archbishop of Kastoria, who spoke to him seated beneath a photograph of the severed head of a Bulgarian <i>voivoda. </i> Brailsford was told that the murderers had brought the head to the Palace and that the Archbishop had given them fifty pieces of gold for their pains. <a href="#31.">[31]</a> The killer was, in fact, a Bulgarian renegade Koté, the veteran recidivist <i> haramiya, </i>whom Gotsé Delchev had repeatedly pardoned and vainly tried to reform, before he was finally outlawed by the Organization, after which he had entered the service of the Greek Archbishop. At the time of the Rising, when all old wrongs were forgiven and forgotten in the name of the common struggle, Koté, too, had been received back into the Organization, ironically enough, mainly thanks to the insistence of the same <i>voivoda </i>Lazar Traikov. During the Rising, Traikov had been wounded and had taken refuge with Koté, who had then repaid the <i>voivoda s </i>magnanimity by murdering him and presenting his head to the Greeks. <a href="#32.">[32]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="28."><font size="2">28.</font></a></b><font size="2"> See <i>Daily News, </i>6.X.1903.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="29."><font size="2">29.</font></a></b><font size="2"> <i>The Times, </i>17.XIII.1903.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="30."><font size="2">30.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Wyon, Opus cit., p. 100, and Brailsford, Opus cit., p. 200.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="31."><font size="2">31.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Brailsford, Opus cit., p. 193.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="32."><font size="2">32.</font></a></b><font size="2"> Nemesis finally overtook Koté in 1904. Not content with the money which he received from the Greeks, Koté kidnapped Petko Yanev, a Bulgarian recently returned from America, and tortured him and his family until he had extracted all the savings</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">160</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> Even before the Rising, Greek bands had begun to function on the territory of the Organization in opposition to its <i>cheti. </i>With a few exceptions, the <i>andartes </i>(Greek <i>chetnitsi</i>) were not local men, but were recruited and formed into bands in Greece itself by a committee in Athens, and were sent into Macedonia, as were individual under-cover Greek officers, who were planted throughout the province in the guise of consular clerks, headmasters of schools, abbots, traders, etc. <a href="#33.">[33]</a> Motivated by a patriotic fervour so warped by hatred of every thing Bulgarian that it had degenerated into a destructive racism, the <i>andartes </i>chose to forget that the Bulgarians were fighting for freedom, that their fight was the same as that of their own forefathers and of their Cretan brothers, and, voluntarily making common cause with the Turks, they attacked Bulgarians wherever and whenever possible. <a href="#34.">[34]</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">which Yanev had brought back from the New World. Yanev, however, complained vigorously to the <i>vali, </i>to Hilmi Pasha himself, and to the foreign consuls. The British consul pressed the <i>vali </i>to act, and eventually  Captain Kotas , as the Greeks called him, was arrested and hanged in Bitolya.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="33."><font size="2">33.</font></a></b><font size="2"> <i>Makedonikos Agon 1903-1908</i> K.I. Mazarakis Enian, Athens 1937, p. 56. (Quoted by Silyanov, <i>Osvoboditelnite Borbi na Makedonia, </i>Vol. II, p. 142. Hristo Silyanov s mother was Greek, and since his father a Bulgarian from Ohrid died young, he was initially brought up as a Greek. He received his secondary education at Bulgarian High Schools, first in Salonika, and then in Bitolya, and, as an adult, he was wholly Bulgarian in his outlook. His knowledge of Greek enabled him to use Greek sources for the chapters devoted to Greek armed propaganda in his book.)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <b><a name="34."><font size="2">34.</font></a></b><font size="2"> The Greeks made no attempt to conceal their motives, and the Greek newspapers of the time, the personal letters and memoirs of the <i>andartes </i> openly acknowledge the anti-Bulgarian character of the bands in a manner which is frequently shocking in its blatant racism. Ion Dragumis, one of the ideologists of armed anti-Bulgarian propaganda, refers to the brutal blinding by Basil II of the fifteen thousand Bulgarian prisoners-of-war in 1014 and says:  Instead of blinding so many people which is barbarous Basil would have done better if he had killed them all. Thus, on the one hand, these people would not have been tormented by living blinded, and, on the other, the number of Bulgarians in the world would, at a stroke, have been diminished by 15,000 which would have been a beneficial thing. (<i>Martiron kai iroon aima, </i>Athens, 1907, p. 110. Quoted by Silyanov, Opus cit., p. 132-133.)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">When Pavlos Melas Ion Dragumis s brother-in-law and one of the most famous commanders of <i>andartes </i>was killed by a Turkish bullet due to a misunderstanding, the Athens newspaper <i>Esperini </i>(20.X.1904) wrote:  Infamous and base Turks, you have killed a hero-Greek, who had come not to fight against you, but to co-operate with you and to help you in the struggle against Bulgarian murderers and evil-doers. (Quoted by Silyanov, Opus cit., p. 155.)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black"> <font size="2">Greek racism was even expressed in poems. One poet, Stratigis, wrote a poem urging the Greek